The northern flying squirrel “Glaucomys sabrinus
yukonensis” is a gliding “volplaning” mammal that is unable to true flight
like birds and bats. There are around 25 subspecies across North America with
Interior Alaska being the most the northern and western limits of the species'
range.
The generic name, “Glaucomys” is from the Greek “glaukos” (silver,
gray) and mys (mouse). The “Sabrinus” is derived
from the latin word “sabrina” (river-nymph) and refers to the
squirrel's habit of living near streams and rivers.
Description: Adult flying squirrels’ average weight
is about 139 gm and 12 inches in total length. The tail is broad, flattened,
and feather-like. Moreover, an exclusive feature of the body is the lateral
skin folds (patagia) on each side that stretch between the front and hind legs
and function as gliding membranes.
The Northern Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and has large eyes that
are extremely resourceful in the darkest nights. The color of eyeshine is a
distinctive reddish-orange. The squirrel pelage is silky and thick with the top
of the body light brown to cinnamon, the sides grayish, and the belly whitish.
Habitat: The Northern Flying
Squirrels require a forest mosaic that includes acceptable denning and feeding
areas. Den sites include tree cavities and witches' brooms. Tree cavities are
most frequent in old forests were wood rot, frost cracking, woodpeckers, and
carpenter ants have created or enlarged cavities.
Witches' brooms,
clumps of abnormal branches caused by tree rust diseases. The most common
denning sites of flying squirrels in Interior Alaska. About Nov or Dec, when
temperatures start to drop sharply, flying squirrels move out of cavities and
into brooms. When the coldest periods of the winter season, they form
aggregations of two or more individuals in the brooms and sleep in torpor.
Northern Flying Squirrel Facts
The feeding areas
normally preferred by flying squirrels contain fungi (mushrooms and truffles),
berries, and tree lichens and maybe in either young or old forests. Also, dried
fungi cached in limbs by red squirrels are sometimes stolen by flying
squirrels.
Flying squirrels
perhaps get water from foods they eat and rain, snow, and dew. Hence, the
constant sources of free water are lakes, ponds, and watercourses, and they do
not appear to be a stringent habitat requirement.
In a year's time, a
flying squirrel in Interior Alaska may use as many as 13 different den trees
within 19.8 acres (8 ha). On a night foray, a squirrel may travel as far as 1.2
miles (2 km) in a circular route and be away from its den tree for up to 7 hours.
It may change den trees at night and move to different ones more than 20 times over a year, staying in each for a varying number of days. Den trees with brooms are used more than twice as much as trees with cavities.
It may change den trees at night and move to different ones more than 20 times over a year, staying in each for a varying number of days. Den trees with brooms are used more than twice as much as trees with cavities.
Fairly dense, old
closed-canopy forests with logs and corridors of trees (especially conifers)
that are spaced close enough to glide between are needed for cover from
predators. High quality flying squirrel habitat can be a community mosaic of
small stands of varying age classes in which there is a mix of tall conifers
and hardwoods.
Moreover, the part of
the mosaic must be an old coniferous forest with den trees containing witches'
brooms, woodpecker cavities, and natural cavities for nesting sites. Riparian
zones provide outstanding habitat in all coniferous forest associations.
Life: In Alaska flying squirrels breed
anytime from March to late June but depending on the length and severity of the
winter. The female squirrel may breed before 11 months of age and give birth at
about 1 year of age. The gestation requires about 37 days, so the young are
born from May to early July. One litter of two per year is probably the usual
case for Alaska, but they are identified to have litters ranging from one to
six in other parts of their range.
At the birth time, the young flying squirrel (nestling) is
hairless, and its eyes and ears are closed. The nourishing process is slow in
comparison with other mammals of similar size. Normally eyes open at about 25
days, and they nurse for about 60 to 70 days.
At around 240 days, the young are fully grown and cannot be
distinguished from adults by body measurements and fur characteristics. The
mortality rate for northern flying squirrels is 1 and 2 years old, at around 50
percent, and few live past 4 years of age. Complete population turnover can
occur by the third year.
Individual flying squirrels’ nest in tree cavities, witches'
brooms, and drays. In Interior Alaska, most brooms and cavity entrances have
southerly exposures. Nests in cavities are usually located about 25 feet above
the ground but may range between 5 and 45 feet. Flying squirrels excavate
chambers in witches' brooms and line them with nesting materials.
A dray nest is a ball-like mass of mosses, twigs, lichens, and
leaves with shredded bark and lichens forming the lining of the chamber. Flying
squirrels build drays completely by themselves or adapt the nests of other
species (e.g., bird nests, red squirrel nests). The dray is frequently
positioned close to the trunk on a limb or whorl of branches with its entrance
next to the trunk. Most dray in Alaska are probably conifers.
Food: The Northern Flying
Squirrel is omnivorous, so very little is known about its diet. However, the
the food they consume in other parts of its range include mushrooms, truffles,
fruits, lichens, nuts, seeds, green vegetation, tree buds, insects, and meat
(fresh, dried, or rotted).
The nesting birds and
birds' eggs may also be eaten. Those observed foraging in the wild in Interior
they ate mushrooms (fresh and dried), truffles, berries, tree lichens, and the
newly flushed growth tips on white spruce limbs.
In the spring and
summer seasons, their fall the diet is mostly fresh fungi. In winter it's
mostly lichens. Flying squirrels are not known to cache fungi for winter in
Alaska, but they are known to do so elsewhere in their range. Witches' brooms
and tree cavities would be likely places to find their caches.
Predators and parasites: Hawks, Owl, and carnivorous mammals
prey on flying squirrels. However, the main predators are perhaps the great
horned owl, goshawk, and marten due to their massive occurrence and widespread
range in Alaska's forests. The three different flea species may infest a single
squirrel.
Normally, forest fragmentation is a real threat to flying squirrel
population due to dependence on gliding locomotion in forests. Though, the
gliding ability isn’t affected by weight and sex. So, the forest gap should not
exceed the distance traversable with a distance between forests and tree height
at the forest edge. These are the only gliding mammals that extend the wingtip by means of a cartilage at
the wrist
Economic and ecological value: Flying squirrels are
important to forest regeneration and timber production because they disperse
spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi like truffles. Truffles are fruiting bodies of
a special type of fungus that matures underground. They are dependent upon
animals to smell them out, dig them up, consume them, and disperse their spores
in fecal material where the animal travels.
The the animal serves to inoculate disturbed sites (e.g., clear
cuts, burned areas) with mycorrhizae that join symbiotically with plant roots
and enhance their ability to absorb nutrients and maintain health. The northern
flying squirrel's ecological role in forest ecosystems, consequently, gives it
economic value.
Furthermore, they may be important prey for a variety of hawks,
owls, small carnivores, and furbearers like marten, lynx, and red fox. Numerous
Alaskans value flying squirrels just for their interesting habits and aesthetic
qualities.
In the view of management considerations, the logging for house
logs, wood for fuel, and lumber can have devastating effects on flying squirrel
populations if clear cut size is too big or if some scattered tall conifers in
large cuts are not retained as cover and for travel across the open spaces.
Management should include the retention of other squirrel species
in shared habitats. Snags with woodpecker holes or other natural cavities and
coniferous trees with witches' brooms must also be maintained in managed
forests in order to provide adequate habitat for flying squirrels.
Flying Squirrel Sound
The Northern Flying squirrels emit short, but high-pitched chirps
to connect with one another. Normally they are habitually a soft churning noise
and chirping sounds they make. Flying squirrel is not dangerous to humans but
make their homes into your property and damage the wires, pipes, drywall, and
insulation.
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