Bees of the genus Tetragonula construct tall nests that spiral clockwise

Bees of the genus Tetragonula construct tall nests that spiral clockwise, their geometry astonishing for years. Similar mathematical algorithms appear in how mollusks make nacre (mother of pearl and how crystals form in a spiral. This phenomenon is known as the Fibonacci sequence, which is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. This sequence is found throughout nature and is commonly seen in the arrangement of leaves on a stem, the branching patterns in trees, the curve of waves and spirals in shells and pinecones, and even the patterns in hurricanes and galaxies.

The Fibonacci sequence and its associated mathematical patterns are thought to be a result of the optimization of growth and efficient use of available resources in nature. It has been proposed that this pattern allows for maximum exposure to light, efficient use of space, and a reduction in crowding and competition among growing organisms.

Overall, the Fibonacci sequence and its related mathematical patterns in nature are a testament to the elegance and efficiency of mathematical principles in the natural world, and they continue to fascinate scientists and mathematicians alike.

17 year old Juliane Koepcke survived the LANSA Flight 508 plane crash in 1971

Juliane Koepcke, a 17-year-old German-Peruvian woman, became famous for her remarkable survival story after the crash of LANSA Flight 508 in 1971. The flight was traveling from Lima, Peru to Pucallpa, Peru when it was struck by lightning and crashed into the Amazon rainforest. Koepcke was the only survivor of the crash and spent 10 days in the jungle before being rescued by local lumbermen. Despite suffering from serious injuries, she managed to survive the jungle's harsh conditions and eventually made a full recovery. Her story has been widely documented and serves as a testament to the power of human resilience and determination in the face of extreme adversity.

Keeping track of up to 100 babies is a daunting task, so scorpions will carry them around on their backs

Keeping track of up to 100 babies is a daunting task, so scorpions will carry them around on their backs. Scorpions are not known to carry baby scorpions on their backs. Scorpions are solitary creatures and generally do not interact with their offspring after they have hatched from their eggs. The young scorpions must fend for themselves and are not carried or cared for by their parents. It is important to rely on scientifically accurate information when making statements about the natural world.

Redwing Bird Call and Song

The Redwing (Turdus iliacus) is a small thrush found throughout Europe and Asia. The redwing's call is a loud, clear, and melodious "tsee-tsee" or "tseep", that can be heard in the spring and fall migration and in the breeding season. The alarm call of the redwing is a sharp, high-pitched "sree" that is given when the bird is disturbed or threatened. This call is usually repeated several times in quick succession.

The redwing's song is a series of melodic, flute-like notes that are often described as "liquid" or "warbling." The song usually consists of a series of clear, high-pitched notes, followed by a series of lower-pitched notes. The redwing's song can be heard in the breeding season and is usually given by the males as they defend their territory.

The redwing's vocalizations are an important means of communication for the bird, and they play a crucial role in attracting a mate and defending territory. The alarm call is an effective way to alert other birds of potential danger, and the song is used to attract a mate and establish territory during the breeding season.

It's important to note that it's illegal to hunt, trap or kill redwing birds, it's protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which makes it illegal to pursue, hunt, take, capture, or kill migratory birds.

10 most beautiful birds in the world

1. Peacock: With its vibrant colors and ornate tail feathers, the peacock is considered one of the most beautiful birds in the world. Found in India and Sri Lanka, the male bird, or peacock, has a distinctive blue-green plumage with a long train of colorful "eye" feathers.
2. Golden Pheasant: This bird is found in the forests of central China and has a bright red head and breast, a golden-yellow crest, and a long tail of golden and green feathers.
3. Birds of Paradise: Found in New Guinea and nearby islands, birds of paradise are known for their colorful plumage and elaborate courtship displays. Some species have elongated tail feathers or head plumes that can be up to several feet long.
4. Hummingbirds: These tiny birds are found in the Americas and are known for their brightly colored plumage and ability to hover in mid-air while feeding on nectar.
5. Blue Jay: Found in North America, the Blue Jay is known for its bright blue plumage and crest on its head. They can be found in a variety of habitats, from forests to suburban areas.
6. Australian King Parrot: Found in the eastern regions of Australia, the Australian King Parrot is a brightly colored bird with a red head and breast, green wings and tail, and a blue back.
7. Hoopoe: Found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Hoopoe has a distinctive crest on its head and a long, thin bill. Its plumage is a combination of pink, brown, and black.
8. American Goldfinch: Found in North America, the American Goldfinch is a brightly colored bird with a yellow head, wings, and tail, and a black cap on its head. They are often seen flitting among thistle and other wildflowers.
9. Baltimore Oriole: Found in North America, the Baltimore Oriole is known for its bright orange plumage and black head. They are often seen in wooded areas and gardens.
10. Great Egret: This bird is found in many parts of the world, it has distinctive white plumage and black bill, and it is known for its graceful and elegant appearance.

These are some of the most beautiful birds in the world, but many other birds also have unique and colorful plumage that makes them stand out.

Zelkova serrata Japanese zelkova

 The habit of this species, typically vase-shaped, with branches diverging at 45° angles to the central axis, is similar to that of the American elm (Ulmus americana), but without dignity and grace. Dark green, strongly serrated, 2-to-5-in.-long leaves give way to yellow, golden bronze, and reddish purple fall colors. The brown bark on young trees has a polished, almost cherry-like quality, becoming gray and exfoliating with age, somewhat like that of Chinese elm (U. parvifolia). Adaptable to varied soils and climates. Displays reasonable tolerance to high heat and drought. Resistant to Dutch elm disease and the elm leaf beetle. Makes a fine street and park tree and is now a major player in the shade-tree market from Chicago to Atlanta to the West Coast, a success that in large part relates to the introduction of superior forms. Seedling zelkovas usually grow like a rabbit’s hind legs—crooked and uneven; they are respectable trees, however, if properly pruned. Grows 50 to 80 ft. high, similar spread.

CULTIVARS AND VARIETIES

City Sprite is a compact oval- to vase-shaped outline; 24 ft. by 18 ft. J. Frank Schmidt & Son introduction. A diminutive form for underwire planting. ‘Goshiki’ has irregularly cream-marked, -speckled, and -splashed leaves. A collector’s plant. Green Vase® is a superior cultivar with upright-arching branches, resulting in a more graceful tree than Village Green™. Excellent dark green foliage turns orange-brown to bronzy red in fall. Faster growing than Village Green™. Grows 60 to 70 ft. high, 40 to 50 ft. wide. ‘Musashino’ is upright, narrow columnar- vase-shaped; medium green leaves turn yellow in fall. Early leafing, the first zelkova to leaf at Milliken Arboretum, usually by mid to late March. Estimate 45 ft. by 15 ft. Good choice for tight planting areas. ‘Ogon’ (‘Aurea’, ‘Bright Park’) sports yellow leaves in spring, eventually green, and amber-gold-brown winter stems and trunk; attractive accent. Slow-growing in Georgia trials. Village Green™, one of the first-named selections, is still justifiably popular. The crown is more dense and stiff than that of Green Vase®. The old trees that I observed were equal in height and width. The leathery, dark green foliage may develop a wine-red fall color. At maturity, probably smaller than Green Vase

A Kite for Mankind

National Geographic’s second president, scientist Alexander Graham Bell, had an estate on Cape Breton Island where he conducted experiments. Writer Catherine Dunlop Mackenzie remarked on the broad range of his research in a 1920 National Geographic article. Among his innovations: were a high-speed hydroplane boat (it went 70 miles/113 km an hour), an outlook tower composed of stacked tetrahedral cells, and special twin-bearing sheep stock.

But perhaps most remarkable, Mackenzie wrote, was Graham’s collection of huge, manbearing kite structures. Graham was an aviation pioneer, fascinated by the idea of mechanical flight since his boyhood. In 1907, he sent one of his giant kites 168 feet (51 m) aloft over Bras d’Or Lake on Cape Breton Island, with U.S. Army officer Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge attached. Though Selfridge survived that experiment, he died just months later in one of Orville Wright’s flying machines, earning him the grim distinction of modern aviation’s first fatality.

What is Spirulina?

Spirulina is a genus of blue-green algae used as a nutritional supplement. Blue-green algae, microscopic fresh-water organisms, are also known as cyanobacteria. Their color is derived from the green pigment of chlorophyll, and the blue from a protein called phycocyanin. The species most commonly recommended for use as a nutritional supplement are Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis. 

These occur naturally in warm, alkaline, salty, brackish lakes, but are also commonly grown by aquaculture and harvested for commercial use. Spirulina contains many nutrients, including B vitamins, beta-carotene, gamma-linolenic acid, iron, calcium, magnesium,manganese, potassium, selenium, zinc, bioflavonoids, and protein. Spirulina is composed of about 65%protein. 

These proteins are complete, in that they contain all essential amino acids, plus some nonessential ones. In that regard, it is similar to animal protein, but does not contain saturated fats, or residues of hormones or antibiotics that are in some meats. Since spirulina is normally taken in small amounts, the quantity of dietary protein supplied for the average, reasonably wellnourished person would not be significant. 

However, it is a good source of trace minerals, some vitamins, bioflavonoids, and other phytochemicals. It also has high digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients. Purpose Spirulina has been used as a source of protein and nutrients, particularly beta-carotene, by the World Health Organization (WHO) to feed malnourished Indian children. The program resulted in a decrease of a type of blindness that results from inadequate dietary vitamin A. 

The dose used in this year-long study was 1 gram per day. Description There is a high vitamin B12 content in spirulina. For this reason, it has often been recommended as a supplemental source of the vitamin for vegans and other strict vegetarians, who are unlikely to have adequate dietary vitamin B12. Unfortunately, spirulina is not an effective source of the usable vitamin. 

Much of the vitamin B12 is in the form of analogs that are unusable for humans, and may even block the active forms of vitamin B12 consumed from other sources. Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is present in significant amounts in a small percent of spirulina species. This essential fatty acid can be used in the body to form products that are anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative. 

It is potentially useful for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic neuropathy. It may also play a role in lowering plasma triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol. Spirulina is a good source of available iron and zinc. A study done in rats found that those consuming spirulina had equivalent or better absorption than those given a ferrous sulfate iron supplement. 

A small human study of iron-deficient women had good response to iron supplementation with spirulina, although the amounts used were large (4 grams after each meal). Similarly, a study of zinc deficient children found that those taking spirulina had a superior response to those taking zinc sulfate, and had fewer side effects. In addition to serving as a source of nutrients itself, spirulina has been used in the manufacture of fermented dairy products to guarantee the survival of the bacteria used to ferment the milk. 

A stronger immune system is one claim made by boosters of spirulina. A number of animal studies appear to support stimulation of both antibody and cellular types of immunity. Immune function was markedly improved in children living in the areas surrounding Chornobyl. The measurements were made after 45 days, with each child consuming 5 grams of spirulina per day. 

The growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, including lactobacillus, appears to be stimulated by the consumption of spirulina, based on a study of rats who consumed it as 5% of their diets. The absorption of vitamin B1 was also improved. Cholesterol, serum lipids, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol may be lowered by a small, but significant, percentage by the consumption of spirulina. 

One study group of men with high cholesterol took 4.2 grams per day of spirulina, and experienced a 4.5% decrease in cholesterol after one month. Spirulina is also thought to be helpful in the treatment of oral leukoplakia, a precancerous condition that is manifested as white patches in the mouth. It improves experimentally induced oral carcinoma (cancer in the mouth) as supported by studies done in animals. 

The evidence for the ability of spirulina to promote weight loss is not very strong. Results have been mixed, and the phenylalanine content does not appear to be an appetite suppressant as is sometimes claimed. Whether other components of the algae are beneficial for weight loss is uncertain and unproven. Spirulina has been recommended to alleviate the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although evidence for this indication is lacking. 

Spirulina has the highest concentration of evercetin found in a natural source. It is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound that can be used to alleviate the symptoms of sinusitis and asthma. Phycocyanin, the protein that gives spirulina its blue color, has also been shown to relieve inflammation associated with arthritis and various allergies. 

Preparations One recommended dose is 3–5 grams per day, but the amount used may depend on the product, the individual using it, and the indication for which it is being taken. Spirulina supplements are available in powder, flake, capsule, and tablet form. These supplements are generally expensive, and have a strong flavor that many people find unpleasant. 

Precautions Because spirulina is sensitive to pollutants in sea water, it can be used as a biosensor to measure the toxicity of a given body of water. Unfortunately, this sensitivity means that spirulina grown in water contaminated with heavy metals can concentrate these toxic substances. Mercury levels are of particular concern. Infectious organisms may also be present and contaminate harvested algae, so reputable sources of spirulina should be used. 

Phenylketonurics should avoid spirulina due to the potential content of phenylalanine. A number of varieties of blue-green algae, including Aphanizomenon flos-quae and Anabaena, have been found to sometimes produce toxins that may affect the nervous system or the liver. The potential side effects of spirulina are primarily gastrointestinal, and include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Allergic reactions occur rarely, but can cause insomnia and anxiety.

The Raccoon Dog

The Raccoon Dog is native to East Asia; it was brought to European Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century and has since spread to other parts of Europe. Because of the white area around its snout, it strongly resembles a Raccoon, but the black band on its face is broken into two parts. The forehead is light, and an even lighter, almost white area stretches over the entire neck. The ears have dark borders, and the back is mottled grey with dark stripes. 

The chest, belly, and legs are black, and the tail is unstriped and dark on top, light underneath. The legs are all the same length. Raccoon Dog is about 60–80 cm long, and the tail measures up to 20 cm. Its height at the shoulder is 20–30 cm, and it weighs up to 10 kg. The Raccoon Dog’s thick fur exaggerates its true size. Raccoon Dogs live in deciduous or mixed forests with thick underbrush, usually near water or swamps, and in open landscapes with wet areas and areas with bush cover. 

It is not a shy animal, so you might also see it near or in inhabited areas. Raccoon Dogs do not hibernate, but like Eurasian Badgers, they remain in their den for several days if there is a severe frost or heavy snow. The prints of Raccoon Dog always show four toes set an equal distance from the central pad print, as well as clear claw marks. The front footprint is 4–5.5 cm long and about 4.5 cm wide, the rear footprints are somewhat smaller, 4–4.5 cm long and about 3.5 cm wide; the stride is about 40–60 cm. 

The tracks can resemble those of a fox, although the latter are more elongated. There is essentially no visible difference between the tracks of a domestic dog and those of a Raccoon Dog, and the latter may also be confused with the tracks of a domestic cat, even though the cat’s footprints never show claw prints. A male and female often hunt together, and one often sees the prints of two animals in the same place. The footprints are often found on the muddy shores of lakes or streams or in marshy areas. 

At the water’s edge, one may often also find paths that are regularly used by the animals. A Raccoon Dog can dig its own den, but it will also use old Eurasian Badger and fox dens, or live in natural cavities: in hollow trees, under roots, or between stones and rocks. One will almost always find the remains of prey close by. Raccoon Dogs live in family groups in established territories, which are, however, not defended vigorously. 

Like Raccoons and Eurasian Badgers, Raccoon Dogs are omnivores, but they consume mainly small rodents. The scat is somewhat twisted, 5–8 cm long, 1.5– 2 cm thick, and often contains much hair. It resembles domestic dog scat but is left in piles—in latrines near the burrow or along the edge of the territory. Beware! Raccoon Dog scat should not be touched since it can contain eggs of the dwarf tapeworm (transmitted by foxes), which can be dangerous to human beings. In many places in eastern Europe, this is the reason mushrooms and berries are not gathered in the wild. 

The Raccoon was introduced from North America to Europe for the fur trade at the beginning of the twentieth century. Escapes over time have multiplied and the naturalized population in Europe has increased steadily. Raccoons are often confused with the Eurasian Badger, though Raccoons have a black stripe diagonally crossing the area above the eyes, as well as a dark blaze from the snout to the forehead. On the side of the snout, there are white areas, and the Raccoon also has white above the eyes. 

The ears have a light border, and the tail is striped diagonally with six or seven dark stripes which are longer than those on a Eurasian Badger. The coat is grey, brownish, reddish-brown, or almost black on the upper side. Raccoons are about 48–70 cm long, and the tail measures about 20–30 cm. Raccoons weigh between 5 and 15 kg. 

The hind legs are longer than the front, so they move with the hindquarters slightly raised. Raccoons prefer deciduous woodland or underbrush near lakes, streams, and rivers, but may also be found in other open areas such as parks or arable land. If it is not persecuted, the Raccoon may become quite confiding. Raccoons are normally solitary but—especially where they are fed by humans —may also live in groups. 

Raccoons are usually nocturnal; during the day they sleep in hollow trees, rock crevices, and other natural cavities, or even in abandoned Eurasian Badger or fox dens. Raccoons don’t hibernate but are noticeably less active in winter than in summer. Raccoons have long and dexterous fingers, especially those on the front feet. 

The tracks show the footprints of all five toes and the pads as well as the imprint of powerful claws. Raccoons are good climbers and can rotate their hind feet 180 degrees to maintain their hold, and they are able to climb down trees headfirst. The toes are widely splayed; the front footprint is about 7–7.5 cm long and 6.5–7 cm wide, the hind footprint 8.5–9 cm long and 6–7 cm wide.

Amber – A Precious Gemstone

Amber is fossilized tree resin, which is produced by some trees as a form of protection from disease and wood-burrowing insects. It was one of the earliest gems used for personal adornment. Of special interest to scientists are ambers containing insects, pollen, leaves, and occasionally frogs and lizards that were trapped millions of years ago as the sticky resin dripped down the tree trunk.

Ambers with inclusions provide a rare look at the plant and insect life of that time period. Most amber is brownish yellow to orange in color but it can also be blue, green, or red. Brownish colors are the least valued. The best quality amber is transparent and either has no flaws or else has very distinctive inclusions.

The majority of gem-quality amber is found along the Baltic coasts of Russia and Poland. Other significant sources are the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Myanmar, Sicily, and Romania. Beware that Amber is sometimes dyed to make it darker or a different color. The dye may fade. Be on the lookout for pressed amber (also called reconstituted amber). It’s made by heating small amber fragments and compressing them into larger pieces. It can be identified by magnification.

A lot of natural ambers are heated just to make it more transparent. Amber can be separated from imitations such as plastic by placing it in a saturated salt solution. Amber will normally float while imitations may sink. However, copal and polystyrene plastic have about the same specific gravity as amber, so amber experts find high magnification to be more useful in detecting imitations. One imitation that is harder to detect is copal, a young version of amber.

It has essentially the same chemical formula as amber but different physical properties. Copal contains liquids such as oils, acids, and alcohol, whereas in amber these liquids have evaporated, resulting in a more durable product. Besides its greater resistance to cracking and crazing, amber is much more rare and valuable than copal. 

A drop of acetone nail polish remover on the back of the material can help separate copal from amber. The acetone will make copal sticky but it will have no effect on amber. Amber scratches abrade and melt easily. If it’s left in the sun, it can dehydrate and crack. Avoid ultrasonic’s, all chemicals, brushes, and heat. To clean amber, wipe it with a soft damp cloth; or clean it in cool soapy water, rinse and dry with a soft cloth.